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Skype is a software application that allows you to make free phone calls to more than 75 million population worldwide, and shockingly cheap calls to approximately anywhere else on Earth! As a corollary of that, Skype has come to be the fastest growing aid in the history of the Internet. Recently, the company was acquired by eBay, other step forward towards achieving the final goal of development Skype the world's largest transportation company.

Skype is easy to install and use. It allows its users to make crystal clear calls, regardless of their location, send instant messages, switch seamlessly between text and voice communication, make video calls, discussion calls, replacement files, call landlines and cell phones for a fraction of the cost of a traditional call. Skype is truly development a revolution in the way we communicate.

But how does it certainly work? This narrative focuses on describing the Skype network and the technology behind it.

Skype is a type of peer-to-peer Voice-Over-Ip client, based on the Kazaa file sharing program. The developers of Skype claim that it provides good voice capability than similar applications like Msn and Yahoo Messenger. It also encrypts calls end-to-end.

There are two types of machines in the Skype network - ordinary host (Skype Client) and Super Node (Sn). An ordinary host is the computer of a regular user who has the application installed and connects to the network in order to communicate with other users. The Super Nodes are the end-point of ordinary hosts in the network. In other words, ordinary hosts join together to the Super Nodes. Any computer with a social Ip and allowable hardware configuration can be a Sn. An ordinary host must join together to a super node and must register itself with the Skype login server for a flourishing login. The Skype login server is the only central unit in the whole network. It shop the usernames and respective passwords of all Skype users. Nslookups have shown that this server is located in Denmark. All Super Nodes join together to the login server in exertion to verify the username password of the client. It shop your Skype Name, your e-mail address, and an encrypted representation of your password.

If you are a regular Skype user, then your computer is considered an 'ordinary host' that connects to a Super Node. The Super Nodes are servers, located in separate parts of the world. But your Skype client, must know to which Sn it has to connect. Therefore, every Skype client (Sc) maintains a local table that contains the Ips and corresponding ports of Super Nodes. This is called a host cache and it stored in the Windows Registry of the given Sc. So basically, every time you load up Skype, it reads the date from the host cache, takes the first Ip and port from there and tries to join together to this Sn. If the connection fails for some intuit (the Sn is offline; it is no longer part of the network, etc) then it reads the next line from the table. In case it fails to join together to any of the Ips listed, the Skype returns a login error upon start-up. Hence, the host cache must consist of at least one valid entry in order for the application to join together to the network and work properly. Valid entry means an Ip address and port number of an online Super Node. The path to the table in the Windows Registry is Hkey_Current_User / Software / Skype / Phone / Lib / connection / Hostcache. You can verify that on your computer by opportunity the Start menu, then click Run and enter 'regedit', without the dashes. Of course, the exact path could be separate in the next versions of the application.

As a concept, Super Nodes were introduced in the third-generation P2P networks. They allow improved crusade performance, reduced file-transfer latency, network scalability, and the capability to resume interrupted downloads and simultaneously download segments of one file from multiple peers. Basically, they help ordinary hosts join together to each other and guide efficiently the encrypted network traffic.

Super Nodes are also responsible for the 'Global Indexing'. This technology enables you to crusade for other users in the network. The company guarantees that it will find a user if he has registered and has logged in while the last 72 hours.

A very challenging moment about the Skype network is that it 'self-modifiable'. If you have the application installed, your computer may turn into a Super Node, without you even knowing it, because those capabilities don't have a noticeable impact on a computer's performance. Sns basically store the addresses of up to any hundred Skype users, without carrying any voice, text or file-transfer data. In that manner, the more Skype users come online, the more supernodes come to be ready to develop the capacity of the network.

Skype routes the traffic intelligently by choosing the optimum data replacement path. Since it uses either Tcp or Udp protocol, it breaks the whole data stream into separate packets, which can take separate paths to the end destination. The final arrangement is done at the receiving end.

As far as protection and privacy are concerned, Skype uses advanced Encryption Standard, known as Rijndel, used also by the U.S. Government organizations to safe sensitive data. Skype uses 256-bit encryption.

The programmers of Skype have implemented wideband codecs which allows it to enounce a good sound capability at a bandwidth of 32kb/s and allow frequencies between 5-8,000Hz to pass trough.

Your list of contacts, the application shop in the Windows Registry. This is called the Buddy list and once again, it is digitally encrypted. So, the list is local for every machine, or in other words, it's not downloaded from the central server.

Let's briefly communicate the tasks of the Skype client. First it connects to the network. It then listens on single ports for incoming calls, refreshes the host cache table, uses wideband codecs, maintains the buddy list, encrypts messages and determines if there is a firewall or not.

The login process:

The login process is the most leading one and it consists of any phases. As mentioned, Sc must join together to a valid Sn in order to authenticate the username and password with the Central Server.

Skype gets the fist Ip from the host cache, sends it a Udp packet and waits for response. If there is no response after 5 seconds, it sends a Tcp packet to the same Ip. It tries to compose a Tcp connection to the Hc Ip address and port 80 (Http port). If still unsuccessful, it tried to join together to Ip address and port 443 (Https port). If this does not work either, it reads the next address in the Hc. If Skype is unable to join together to a Sn, it will narrative a login failure.

The application comes with any build-in addresses of separate nodes, called bootstrap super nodes.

If the connection exertion is successful, the client must authenticate the user name and password with the Skype login server, which holds all user names and passwords and makes sure they are unique over the whole network. When the application connects to an Sn, it receives an new list of other active Sns, so it has the most current information.

The Media replacement process:

The video/voice transportation straight through Skype is established straight through Udp. The trick here is that quite often, one of the users is behind a firewall or a router, hence it doesn't have a real Ip address. But if both Skype clients are on real Ips, then the media traffic flows directly between them over Udp. The size of the voice packet is 67 bytes, which is certainly the size of Udp payload. One second conversation results in approximately 140 voice packets being exchanged both ways, or 3-16 kilobytes/s.

If one of the callee or both of them do not have a social Ip, then they send voice traffic to other online Skype node over Udp or Tcp. The developers of Skype have adored to use Udp for voice transmission as much as possible.

An challenging fact is that even if both sides are not speaking, voice packets will still be flowing between them. The purpose of these so called 'silent packages' is to keep the connection alive.

Conclusion:

There are any factors responsible for the success of Skype. First of all, the voice capability is good compared to other applications. It works without a qoute on computers with firewall. It is very easy to install and use. Skype's protection is also a big advantage. all that is being transferred over the network is being encrypted to ensure privacy. As a corollary of that, even if hackers intercept the data being transferred, they won't be able to decode it.

The Skype application does not consist of any adware or spyware. But, there are cases when third parties have managed to add such functionalities (not only for Skype), so it's certainly leading that you download it from the right place. Therefore, do it either from the official website, or from respected sites as http://www.freesecuredownloads.com/skype/index.html.